HDFS

This guide describes the instructions to configure HDFS as Alluxio’s under storage system.

HDFS, or Hadoop Distributed File System, is the primary distributed storage used by Hadoop applications, providing reliable and scalable storage for big data processing in Hadoop ecosystems.

For more information about HDFS, please read its documentation.

Prerequisites

If you haven’t already, please see Prerequisites before you get started.

In preparation for using HDFS with Alluxio:

Basic Setup

To configure Alluxio to use HDFS as under storage, you will need to modify the configuration file conf/alluxio-site.properties. If the file does not exist, create the configuration file from the template.

$ cp conf/alluxio-site.properties.template conf/alluxio-site.properties

Specify the HDFS namenode and the HDFS port as the underfs address by modifying conf/alluxio-site.properties.

For example, the under storage address can be hdfs://localhost:8020 if you are running the HDFS namenode locally with default port and mapping HDFS root directory to Alluxio, or hdfs://localhost:8020/alluxio/data if only the HDFS directory /alluxio/data is mapped to Alluxio.

alluxio.dora.client.ufs.root=hdfs://<HDFS_NAMENODE>:<HDFS_PORT>

To find out where HDFS is running, use hdfs getconf -confKey fs.defaultFS to get the default hostname and port HDFS is listening on.

Additionally, you may need to specify the following property to be your HDFS version. See mounting HDFS with specific versions.

alluxio.underfs.version=<HADOOP_VERSION>

Running Alluxio Locally with HDFS

Once you have configured Alluxio to HDFS, try running Alluxio locally to see that everything works.

Advanced Setup

Specify HDFS Configuration Location

When HDFS has non-default configurations, you need to configure Alluxio servers to access HDFS with the proper configuration file. Note that once this is set, your applications using Alluxio client do not need any special configuration.

There are two possible approaches:

• Copy or make symbolic links from hdfs-site.xml and core-site.xml from your Hadoop installation into ${ALLUXIO_HOME}/conf. Make sure this is set up on all servers running Alluxio.

• Alternatively, you can set the property alluxio.underfs.hdfs.configuration in conf/alluxio-site.properties to point to your hdfs-site.xml and core-site.xml. Make sure this configuration is set on all servers running Alluxio.

alluxio.underfs.hdfs.configuration=/path/to/hdfs/conf/core-site.xml:/path/to/hdfs/conf/hdfs-site.xml

HDFS Namenode HA Mode

To configure Alluxio to work with HDFS namenodes in HA mode, first configure Alluxio servers to access HDFS with the proper configuration files.

In addition, set the under storage address to hdfs://nameservice/ (nameservice is the HDFS nameservice already configured in hdfs-site.xml). To mount an HDFS subdirectory to Alluxio instead of the whole HDFS namespace, change the under storage address to something like hdfs://nameservice/alluxio/data.

alluxio.dora.client.ufs.root=hdfs://nameservice/

User/Permission Mapping

To ensure that the permission information of files/directories including user, group and mode in HDFS is consistent with Alluxio (e.g., a file created by user Foo in Alluxio is persisted to HDFS also with owner as user Foo), the user to start Alluxio master and worker processes is required to be either:

1. HDFS super user. Namely, use the same user that starts HDFS namenode process to also start Alluxio master and worker processes.

2. A member of HDFS superuser group. Edit HDFS configuration file hdfs-site.xml and check the value of configuration property dfs.permissions.superusergroup. If this property is set with a group (e.g., “hdfs”), add the user to start Alluxio process (e.g., “alluxio”) to this group (“hdfs”); if this property is not set, add a group to this property where your Alluxio running user is a member of this newly added group.

The user set above is only the identity that starts Alluxio master and worker processes. Once Alluxio servers are started, it is unnecessary to run your Alluxio client applications using this user.

Connect to Secure HDFS

If your HDFS cluster is Kerberized, first configure Alluxio servers to access HDFS with the proper configuration files.

In addition, security configuration is needed for Alluxio to be able to communicate with the HDFS cluster. Set the following Alluxio properties in alluxio-site.properties:

alluxio.master.keytab.file=<YOUR_HDFS_KEYTAB_FILE_PATH>
alluxio.master.principal=hdfs/<_HOST>@<REALM>
alluxio.worker.keytab.file=<YOUR_HDFS_KEYTAB_FILE_PATH>
alluxio.worker.principal=hdfs/<_HOST>@<REALM>

If connecting to secure HDFS, run kinit on all Alluxio nodes. Use the principal hdfs and the keytab that you configured earlier in alluxio-site.properties. A known limitation is that the Kerberos TGT may expire after the max renewal lifetime. You can work around this by renewing the TGT periodically. Otherwise you may see No valid credentials provided (Mechanism level: Failed to find any Kerberos tgt) when starting Alluxio services. Another option is to set alluxio.hadoop.kerberos.keytab.login.autorenewal=true so the TGT is automatically refreshed.

The user can also use alluxio.hadoop.security.krb5.conf to specify the krb5.conf file location and use alluxio.hadoop.security.authentication to specify authentication method.

Custom Kerberos Realm/KDC

By default, Alluxio will use machine-level Kerberos configuration to determine the Kerberos realm and KDC. You can override these defaults by setting the JVM properties java.security.krb5.realm and java.security.krb5.kdc.

To set these, set ALLUXIO_JAVA_OPTS in conf/alluxio-env.sh.

ALLUXIO_JAVA_OPTS+=" -Djava.security.krb5.realm=<YOUR_KERBEROS_REALM> -Djava.security.krb5.kdc=<YOUR_KERBEROS_KDC_ADDRESS>"

Mount HDFS with Specific Versions

There are multiple ways for a user to mount an HDFS cluster with a specified version as an under storage into Alluxio namespace. Before mounting HDFS with a specific version, make sure you have built a client with that specific version of HDFS. You can check the existence of this client by going to the lib directory under the Alluxio directory.

If you have built Alluxio from source, you can build additional client jar files by running mvn command under the underfs directory in the Alluxio source tree. For example, issuing the following command would build the client jar for the 2.8.0 version.

$ mvn -T 4C clean install -Dmaven.javadoc.skip=true -DskipTests \
    -Dlicense.skip=true -Dcheckstyle.skip=true -Dfindbugs.skip=true \
    -Pufs-hadoop-2 -Dufs.hadoop.version=2.8.0

Using Site Properties

When mounting the under storage of Alluxio root directory with a specific HDFS version, one can add the following line to the site properties file (conf/alluxio-site.properties)

alluxio.dora.client.ufs.root=hdfs://namenode1:8020
alluxio.underfs.version=2.2

Supported HDFS Versions

Alluxio supports the following versions of HDFS as a valid argument of mount option alluxio.underfs.version:

• Apache Hadoop: 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

Note: Apache Hadoop 1.0 and 1.2 are still supported, but not included in the default download. To build this module yourself, build the shaded hadoop client and then the UFS module.

Use Hadoop Native Library

Hadoop comes with a native library that provides better performance and additional features compared to its Java implementation. For example, when the native library is used, the HDFS client can use native checksum function which is more efficient than the default Java implementation. To use the Hadoop native library with Alluxio HDFS under filesystem, first install the native library on Alluxio nodes by following the instructions on this page. Once the hadoop native library is installed on the machine, update Alluxio startup Java parameters in conf/alluxio-env.sh by adding the following line:

ALLUXIO_JAVA_OPTS+=" -Djava.library.path=<local_path_containing_hadoop_native_library> "

Make sure to restart Alluxio services for the change to take effect.